Ngày 5/6/1911, với tâm nguyện “muốn đi ra ngoài, xem nước Pháp và các nước khác. Sau khi xem xét họ làm như thế nào, tôi sẽ trở về giúp đồng bào”(1), người thanh niên 21 tuổi Nguyễn Tất Thành rời Tổ quốc, bắt đầu cuộc hành trình tìm đường giải phóng dân tộc kéo dài 30 năm. Người đã tới nhiều nước, làm nhiều nghề để sống và hoạt động cách mạng. Qua hoạt động thực tiễn trong phong trào đấu tranh của giai cấp công nhân và nhân dân lao động thế giới, Người đã gặp và tiếp thu chủ nghĩa Mác-Lênin, tìm thấy ở học thuyết Mác-Lênin con đường giành độc lập cho dân tộc và tự do cho đồng bào. Người quyết định đi theo con đường cách mạng xã hội chủ nghĩa Tháng Mười Nga năm 1917, trở thành một trong những người sáng lập Đảng Cộng sản Pháp và là người cộng sản Việt Nam đầu tiên năm 1920.
Bộ môn Những nguyên lý cơ bản của chủ nghĩa Mác - Lê nin
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Bộ môn Những nguyên lý cơ bản của chủ nghĩa Mác - Lê nin
Môn học: Triết học Mác - Lê nin; Logic học; Chủ nghĩa xã hội khoa học.
Môn học: Kinh tế chính trị Mác - Lênin; Lịch sử các học thuyết kinh tế.
Môn học: Kinh tế chính trị Mác - Lênin; Lịch sử các học thuyết kinh tế.
Môn học: Triết học Mác - Lênin; Logic học; Chủ nghĩa xã hội khoa học.
Môn học: Chủ nghĩa xã hội khoa học.
Môn học: Triết học Mác - Lê nin
Môn học: Kinh tế chính trị Mác - Lênin; Lịch sử các học thuyết kinh tế.
Môn học: Kinh tế chính trị Mác - Lênin; Lịch sử các học thuyết kinh tế.
Môn học: Kinh tế chính trị Mác - Lênin; Lịch sử các học thuyết kinh tế.
Môn học: Triết học Mác - Lê nin.
Môn học: Kinh tế chính trị Mác - Lênin; Lịch sử các học thuyết kinh tế.
��ࡱ� > �� � � ���� z { | } ~ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ �� �� L2 bjbj���� <� �� �� �i % �� �� �� � � � � � � � � ���� � � � 8 � l F � � \ b : : " \ \ \ 7 7 7 s u u u u u u , � � p � � u � 7 7 7 7 7 � k � � \ \ � k k k 7 4 � \ � \ s k 7 s k k � �� � �� ���� 0��Y�� ���� k 3� � _ , 0 \ �� k ( �� k �� � � w� � 7 7 7 � � k 7 7 7 \ ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 � � T : C h u y � n � 1 : B �N C H �T N H � N ��C K h � i n i �m b �n c h �t n h � n ��c C � c q u a n n i �m v � n g u �n g �c n h � n ��c v � b �n c h �t n h � n ��c C � c t h u y �t p h i M � c x � t v � n g u �n g �c n h � n ��c - T h u y �t t h �n q u y �n : t h u y �t n � y c h o r �n g t h ��n g � c h � n h l � n g ��i s �p �t t r �t t � x � h �i , t h ��n g � � s � n g t �o r a n h � n ��c n h �m b �o v � t r �t t � c h u n g , n h � n ��c l � m �t s �n p h �m c �a t h ��n g �. - T h u y �t g i a t r ��n g : c h o r �n g n h � n ��c x u �t h i �n c h � n h l � k �t q u � s � p h � t t r i �n c �a g i a � n h v � q u y �n g i a t r ��n g . T h �c c h �t n h � n ��c c h � n h l � m � h � n h c �a m �t g i a t �c m � r �n g v � q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c c h � n h l � t � q u y �n g i a t r ��n g ��c n � n g c a o l � n h � n h t h �c t � c h �c t � n h i � n c �a x � h �i l o � i n g ��i . - T h u y �t b �o l �c : c h o r �n g n h � n ��c x u �t h i �n t r �c t i �p t � c � c c u �c c h i �n t r a n h x � m l ��c , l � v i �c s � d �n g b �o l �c c �a t h � t �c n � y �i v �i t h � t �c k h � c m � k �t q u � l � t h � t �c c h i �n t h �n g �t r a m �t h � t h �n g c � q u a n �c b i �t n h � n ��c � n � d �c h k � c h i �n b �i . - T h u y �t t � m l � : c h o r �n g n h � n ��c x u �t h i �n d o n h u c �u v � t � m l � c �a c o n n g ��i n g u y � n t h �y l u � n m u �n p h � t h u �c v � o c � c t h � l )n h , g i � o s ), & - T h u y �t K h � ��c x � h �i : N h � n ��c r a �i l � k �t q u � c �a m �t t h o � t h u �n x � h �i ( k h � ��c ) g i �a n h �n g c o n n g ��i s �n g t r o n g t r �n g t h � i t � n h i � n c �a x � h �i ( v �n c � c � c q u y �n ��c s �n g , t � d o , b � n h �n g , s � h �u t � i s �n . . . l � c � c q u y �n t � n h i � n , t h i � n g l i � n g v � b �t k h � x � m p h �m ) v �i n h a u . Q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c t h u �c v � c � c c � n g d � n , v � l �i � c h c �a c � c c � n g d � n . T r o n g t r ��n g h �p n h � n ��c k h � n g g i � ��c v a i t r � c �a m � n h , c � c q u y �n t � n h i � n b � v i p h �m t h � k h � ��c s � m �t h i �u l �c v � n h � n d � n c � q u y �n l �t � n h � n ��c n � y v � k � k �t k h � ��c m �i , m �t n h � n ��c m �i r a �i . - N g o � i r a c � n c � c � c h �c t h u y �t k h � c v � n g u �n g �c v � b �n c h �t n h � n ��c n h �: N h � n ��c p h � c l �i c h u n g , n h � n ��c k � t r �, n h � n ��c h �u c � n g n g h i �p & * C � c h �c t h u y �t p h i M � c x � t n � i t r � n �u m a n g t � n h c h � q u a n , �u v � t � n h h o �c c � � l �n g t r � n h b �n c h �t g i a i c �p c �a n h � n ��c . H �c t h u y �t M � c - L � - n i n v � n g u �n g �c v � b �n c h �t n h � n ��c Q u a n i �m c �a c h � n g h )a M � c - L � - n i n v � n g u �n g �c r a �i v � b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c ��c t h � h i �n r � t r o n g t � c p h �m N g u �n g �c c �a g i a � n h , c �a c h � � t � h �u v � c �a n h � n ��c c �a P h . n g - g h e n v � t � c p h �m " N h � n ��c v � c � c h m �n g " c �a V . I . L � - n i n . T h e o q u a n i �m c �a c h � n g h )a M � c - L � - n i n : - N h � n ��c x u �t h i �n l � m a n g t � n h k h � c h q u a n , n h �n g k h � n g p h �i l � h i �n t ��n g x � h �i v )n h c �u v � b �t b i �n . N h � n ��c l u � n v �n �n g , p h � t t r i �n v � t i � u v o n g k h i n h �n g i �u k i �n k h � c h q u a n c h o s � t �n t �i v � p h � t t r i �n c �a c h � n g k h � n g c � n n �a . - N h � n ��c c h � x u �t h i �n k h i x � h �i l o � i n g ��i � p h � t t r i �n �n m �t g i a i o �n n h �t �n h , v �i c � c t i �n � v � k i n h t � ( t � h �u x u �t h i �n ) , t i �n � v � x � h �i ( x � h �i p h � n c h i a t h � n h c � c g i a i c �p , c � c t �n g l �p x � h �i k h � c n h a u v � l �i � c h , m � u t h u �n v � l �i � c h k h � n g t h � t � i �u h o � ��c ) . - V � b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c , t h e o L � - n i n , " N h � n ��c l � s �n p h �m v � b i �u h i �n c �a n h �n g m � u t h u �n g i a i c �p k h � n g t h � i �u h o � ��c . B �t c � � � u , h � l � c n � o v � c h �n g n � o m � , v � m �t k h � c h q u a n , n h �n g m � u t h u �n g i a i c �p k h � n g t h � i �u h o � ��c t h � n h � n ��c x u �t h i �n " . N �i d u n g b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c T � n h g i a i c �p c �a n h � n ��c K h � i n i �m t � n h g i a i c �p : l � s � t � c �n g m a n g t � n h c h �t q u y �t �n h c �a y �u t � g i a i c �p �n n h � n ��c v � s � t � c �n g n � y q u y �t �n h n h �n g x u h ��n g p h � t t r i �n v � �c i �m c � b �n c �a n h � n ��c . B i �u h i �n t � n h g i a i c �p c �a n h � n ��c : t h � n g q u a v i �c t h �c h i �n c � c c h �c n n g c �a n h � n ��c n h �m �t ��c m �c t i � u , n h i �m v � m � n h � n ��c �t r a v � q u a c � c h � n h t h �c t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c k i n h t �, c h � n h t r �, t � t ��n g c �a n h � n ��c . N h �n g c h �c n n g t h � h i �n r � n h �t l � c h �c n n g b �o v � t r �t t � c � l �i c h o g i a i c �p t h �n g t r �, b �o v � c h � � c a i t r � v � t r �n � p g i a i c �p b � t r �. N h � n ��c c � t � n h g i a i c �p v � g i a i c �p v � �u t r a n h g i a i c �p l � m �t t r o n g n h �n g n g u y � n n h � n q u a n t r �n g d �n �n s � h � n h t h � n h n h � n ��c v � n h � n ��c c in g l � c � n g c � q u a n t r �n g � t r �n � p g i a i c �p . T � n h x � h �i c �a n h � n ��c K h � i n i �m : l a s � t � c �n g c �a n h �n g y � u t � x � h �i b � n t r o n g q u y � t i #n h n h �n g #c i � m v a x u h ��n g p h a t t r i � n c � b a n c u a n h a n ��c . B i �u h i �n c �a t � n h x � h �i : t h � n g q u a v i �c t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g c �a n h � n ��c n h �m �t ��c n h �n g m �c t i � u , n h i �m v � c �a n h � n ��c . N h �n g c h �c n n g t h � h i �n r � n h �t t � n h x � h �i c �a n h � n ��c l � c h �c n n g b �o v � n h �n g l �i � c h c h u n g , t h � h i �n � c h � c h u n g c �a t o � n t h � x � h �i , v � d � b �o v � m � i t r ��n g , d u y t r � v � p h � t h u y b �n s �c d � n t �c . N h � n ��c c � t � n h x � h �i b �i n h � n ��c r a �i n h �m � p �n g n h u c �u q u �n l � c � c c � n g v i �c c h u n g c �a x � h �i v � n h � n ��c c in g c h � n h l � m �t t r o n g n h �n g c � n g c � q u a n t r �n g n h �t � q u �n l � x � h �i . C . M � c : " C h � c � v � n h �n g q u y �n l �i c h u n g c �a x � h �i t h � m �t g i a i c �p c � b i �t m �i c � t h � � i h �i t h �n g t r � p h � b i �n ��c " ( C . M � c - P h . n g - g h e n . T u y �n t �p . T . 1 N X B S � t h �t , H � N �i , 1 9 8 0 , t r . 3 0 ) . M �i q u a n h � g i �a t � n h g i a i c �p v � t � n h x � h �i L a m � i q u a n h � # g i �a n h �n g m #t , n h �n g y � u t � t h u � #c b a n c h � t c u a n h a n ��c . M � i q u a n h � # g i �a t i n h g i a i c � p v a t i n h x a h � #i t h � h i � #n s �# m � u t h u � n v a t h � n g n h � t g i �a h a i m #t c u a k h a i n i � #m b a n c h � t n h a n ��c . Q u � t r i n h h i n h t h a n h v a p h a t t r i � n c u a n h a n ��c k h � n g c h i c h i #u s �# t a c � #n g c u a t � n g y � u t � ( t i n h g i a i c � p v a t i n h x a h � #i ) m a n o c o n c h i #u s �# t a c � #n g c u a m � i q u a n h � # t ��n g t a c g i �a t i n h g i a i c � p v a t i n h x a h � #i . N h �n g �c t r �n g c � b �n c �a n h � n ��c K h � i n i �m : N h a n ��c l a m � #t t � c h �c c h i n h t r i # c o q u y � n l �#c c � n g c � #n g #c b i � #t , ��#c h i n h t h a n h v a b i # q u y � t i #n h b � i n h u c � u t r � n a p g i a i c � p v a n h u c � u q u a n l y c a c c � n g v i � #c c h u n g c u a x a h � #i . N h a n ��c t h i � t l � #p q u y �n l �c c � n g c �n g �c b i �t t � c h r �i k h �i x � h �i v � � p �t v �i t o � n b � x � h �i N �i d u n g �c i �m : + Q u y �n l �c m a n g t � n h c h �t c � n g c �n g ( � p �t c h u n g c h o c � c c h � t h � t r o n g x � h �i ) . + Q u y �n l �c t � c h b i �t k h �i x � h �i , ��c t h �c h i �n b �i b � m � y c ��n g c h � c h u y � n n g h i �p . + �c q u y �n s � d �n g s �c m �n h v i l �c . + Q u y �n l �c m a n g t � n h g i a i c �p . + Q u y �n l �c d �a t r � n n h �n g n g u �n l �c ( k i n h t �, c h � n h t r �, t � t ��n g ) l �n n h �t t r o n g x � h �i . C � s � q u y �n l �c c � n g c �n g �c b i �t c �a n h � n ��c : + V � n h � n ��c �m n h i �m v a i t r � q u �n l � c � c c � n g v i �c c h u n g c �a x � h �i , �i d i �n c h o t o � n t h � x � h �i n � n n h � n ��c p h �i c � q u y �n l �c �c b i �t . + X u �t p h � t t � k h � n n g k i �m s o � t s �c m �n h k i n h t �, c h � n h t r �, t � t ��n g . N h a n ��c q u �n l � c � d � n t h e o s �# p h � n c h i a l a n h t h � N �i d u n g �c i �m : + N h � n ��c p h � n c h i a l � n h t h � t h � n h c � c b � p h �n v � q u �n l � c � d � n t h e o s � p h � n c h i a n � y . + C h � c � n h � n ��c c � t h � p h � n c h i a c � d � n v � l � n h t h �, c � c c h � t h � k h � c k h � n g t h � c h i a l � n h t h �. L � d o n h � n ��c q u �n l � c � d � n t h e o s �# p h � n c h i a l a n h t h � : + X u �t p h � t t � v a i t r � q u �n l � c � n g v i �c c h u n g c �a x � h �i . + X u �t p h � t t � �c t r �n g c �a �i t ��n g v � k h � n g g i a n q u �n l � ( v n h o � , �a l � & ) . N h a n ��c c o c h � q u y �n q u �c g i a N �i d u n g �c i �m : + C h � q u y �n q u �c g i a l � k h � n n g v � m �c � t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c c �a n h � n ��c l � n c � d � n v � t r o n g p h �m v i l � n h t h �. + C h � c � n h � n ��c m �i c � c h � q u y �n q u �c g i a , c � c c h � t h � k h � c k h � n g c � c h � q u y �n q u �c g i a . L � d o n h � n ��c c � c h � q u y �n q u �c g i a : + N h � n ��c � n g v a i t r � b � m � y q u �n l � x � h �i , �i d i �n c h o q u �c g i a , t o � n t h � c � d � n . + C h � t h � �c l �p t r o n g q u a n h � q u �c t �. + S � �c l �p v � b � n h �n g g i �a c � c d � n t �c , c � c n h � n ��c . N h a n ��c b a n h � n h p h � p l u �t v � q u �n l � x a h � #i b �n g p h � p l u �t N �i d u n g �c i �m : + B a n h � n h p h � p l u �t c � n g h )a l � x � y d �n g p h � p l u �t , t h � c h � h o � � c h � c �a x � h �i v � c � c q u y l u �t v �n �n g c �a c � c q u a n h � x � h �i v � o t r o n g p h � p l u �t . + Q u �n l � x � h �i b �n g p h � p l u �t : p h � p l u �t l � c � n g c �, p h ��n g t i �n q u a n t r �n g n h �t � q u �n l � x � h �i . + N h � n ��c b a n h � n h v � b �o �m t h �c h i �n p h � p l u �t n h �n g n h � n ��c c in g c �n p h �i t � n t r �n g p h � p l u �t . L � d o n h a n ��c b a n h � n h p h � p l u �t v � q u �n l � x a h � #i b �n g p h � p l u �t : + N h u c �u q u �n l � x � h �i c �n c � h a i p h ��n g t i �n : c � c t h i �t c h � v � c � c q u y t �c ( t r o n g n h � n ��c v � p h � p l u �t l � h a i y �u t � q u a n t r �n g n h �t ) . + C � c q u y �n h p h � p l u �t c �n c � c h � t h � b �o v � v � b �o �m t h �c h i �n , �c b i �t b �n g b i �n p h � p c ��n g c h � � l � n h � n ��c . + Q u �n l � x � h �i b �n g p h � p l u �t t h � h i �n s � m i n h b �c h , t i � n l i �u ��c v � c � h i �u l �c t h �c h i �n . N h a n ��c t h u c � c k h o �n t h u � d ��i d �n g b �t b u �c N �i d u n g �c i �m : + T h u t h u � l � v i �c n h � n ��c b u �c c � c c h � t h � � n g g � p t � i c h � n h � d u y t r � b � m � y n h � n ��c . + M �c � c h t h u t h u �: d u y t r � b � m � y n h � n ��c , �u t � v � t � i p h � n p h �i , t h �c h i �n c � n g b �n g x � h �i . + K h � n g c h � t h � n � o ��c q u y �n t h u t h � b �t b u �c t r � n h � n ��c . C � s � c �a �c i �m : + V � n h � n ��c t � c h b i �t k h �i s �n x u �t v � c h u y � n t h �c h i �n n h i �m v � q u �n l � n � n n � c �n c � n g u �n l �c � d u y t r � . + C � n h �n g l )n h v �c c �n p h �i c � �u t � c �a n h � n ��c . + T h �c h i �n c � n g b �n g x � h �i c �n n g u �n l �c t � i c h � n h . B �n c h �t N h � n ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a T � n h g i a i c �p c �a n h � n ��c x � h �i c h � n g h )a N h � n ��c X H C N m a n g b �n c h �t g i a i c �p b � b � c l �t , t h � h i �n v � b �o v � l �i � c h c �a g i a i c �p c � n g n h � n v � n h � n d � n l a o �n g . N h � n ��c X H C N l � b � m � y � c �n g c � �a t h �n g t r � v � b �o v � l �i � c h c �a g i a i c �p c � n g n h � n v � n h � n d � n l a o �n g , �m b �o s � t h �n g t r � c �a a s � �i v �i t h i �u s �. K h � c v �i c � c n h � n ��c b � c l �t t r ��c � y ( n h � n ��c c h � n � , p h o n g k i �n v � t � s �n ) , n h � n ��c X H C N l � n h � n ��c n �a n h � n ��c , n h � n ��c k h � n g c � n n g u y � n n g h )a , n h � n ��c t � t i � u v o n g . T � n h x � h �i N h � n ��c X H C N t �n t �i t r � n c � s � x � h �i r �n g r � i h �n s o c � c k i �u n h � n ��c t r ��c � c h �c n n g c �a n h � n ��c x � h �i c h � n g h )a . N h � n ��c X H C N t h � h i �n b �n l �i � c h c h u n g c �a x � h �i , c �a a s � n h � n d � n l a o �n g . N h � n ��c X H C N c � n h i �m v � x o � b � s � b �t b � n h �n g v � k i n h t �, b �o �m s � b � n h �n g v � c h � n h t r �, x � h �i c h o t �t c � c � c t �n g l �p x � h �i . B �n c h �t N h � n ��c C �n g h o � x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m X � h �i v � n h � n ��c V i �t N a m a n g t r o n g g i a i o �n q u � � i l � n c h � n g h )a x � h �i , x � y d �n g n �n k i n h t � t h � t r ��n g t h e o �n h h ��n g x � h �i c h � n g h )a : �n g i �a t h � k � X X I , t o � n �n g , t o � n d � n t a p h �i r a s �c p h �n �u x � y d �n g n ��c t a t r � t h � n h m �t n ��c c � n g n g h i �p h i �n �i , t h e o �n h h ��n g x � h �i c h � n g h )a . ( C ��n g l )n h x � y d �n g �t n ��c t r o n g t h �i k � q u � � l � n c h � n g h )a x � h �i ( B � s u n g , p h � t t r i �n n m 2 0 1 1 , p h �n I I Q u � � i l � n c h � n g h )a x � h �i � n ��c t a ) . D o v �y , b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c V i �t N a m h i �n n a y c � n h �n g n �i d u n g c � b �n n h � s a u : T � n h g i a i c �p c �a N h � n ��c C �n g h o � x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m : + K h �n g �n h t � n h g i a i c �p c � n g n h � n . T � n h g i a i c �p c � n g n h � n t h � h i �n q u a s � l � n h �o c �a �n g C �n g s �n V i �t N a m - �i t i � n p h o n g c �a g i a i c �p c � n g n h � n , �n g t h �i l � �i t i � n p h o n g c �a N h � n d � n l a o �n g l � l �c l ��n g l � n h �o n h � n ��c v � x � h �i ( i �u 4 H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 ) . + N �n t �n g c �a q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c l � l i � n m i n h g i a i c �p c � n g n h � n v �i g i a i c �p n � n g d � n v � �i n g i t r � t h �c ( i �u 2 H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 ) . T � n h x � h �i c �a N h � n ��c C �n g h o � x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m : + N h � n ��c , n g o � i v i �c b �o �m l �i � c h g i a i c �p , t h � p h �i t h �c h i �n v a i t r � l � c � n g c � b �o v � l �i � c h c h u n g v � t r �t t � x � h �i . + T h �c h i �n m �c t i � u d � n g i � u , n ��c m �n h , d � n c h �, c � n g b �n g , v n m i n h , m �i n g ��i c � c u �c s �n g �m n o , t � d o , h �n h p h � c , c � i �u k i �n p h � t t r i �n t o � n d i �n . + N h � n ��c b �o �m v � p h � t h u y q u y �n l � m c h � c �a N h � n d � n . + C � n g n h � #n , t � n t r �n g , b a o v � # v � b �o �m q u y �n c o n n g ��i , q u y �n c � n g d � n . C h u y � n � 2 : C H �C N N G C �A N H � N ��C N h �n g v �n � c h u n g v � c h �c n n g c �a n h � n ��c K h � i n i �m c h �c n n g �n h n g h )a : C h �c n n g c �a n h � n ��c l � n h �n g m �t ( h a y p h ��n g d i �n ) h o �t �n g c � b �n c �a n h � n ��c t h � h i �n b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c v � n h �m t h �c h i �n c � c m �c t i � u , n h i �m v � c �a n h � n ��c t r o n g c � c g i a i o �n p h � t t r i �n c � t h �. + N h i �m v � c �a n h � n ��c l � n h �n g m �c t i � u n h � n ��c c �n �t t �i , v �n � �t r a n h � n ��c c �n g i �i q u y �t . + M �c t i � u : n h �n g k �t q u � c �n �t ��c x � c �n h t r ��c , t h � h i �n � c h � c h � q u a n c �a c o n n g ��i . + V �n � k h � c h q u a n �t r a c �n ��c n h � n ��c g i �i q u y �t k h � n g p h � t h u �c v � o � c h � , m o n g m u �n c �a c o n n g ��i . + N h i �m v � ��c p h � n l o �i t h � n h n h i �m v � c h u n g , n h i �m v � c � t h �; n h i �m v � c � b �n l � u d � i , n h i �m v � t r ��c m �t & T � n h k h � c h q u a n v � t � n h c h � q u a n c �a c h �c n n g n h � n ��c + T � n h k h � c h q u a n c �a c h �c n n g n h � n ��c : C h �c n n g n h � n ��c ��c h � n h t h � n h m �t c � c h k h � c h q u a n d ��i t � c �n g c �a n h i �m v � n h � n ��c . V � d �, s � x u �t h i �n n h i �m v � p h � n g , c h �n g b � o l �t h a y d �c h b �n h & l � k h � c h q u a n , k h � n g p h � t h u �c v � o � c h � c �a n h � n ��c , d o v �y c � c p h ��n g d i �n h o �t �n g � t h �c h i �n n h i �m v � n � y c in g m a n g t � n h k h � c h q u a n . + T � n h c h � q u a n c �a c h �c n n g n h � n ��c : C h �c n n g n h � n ��c p h �n � n h h o �t �n g c �a n h � n ��c p h �n � n h � c h � , l �i � c h c �a c o n n g ��i . V � d �, v i �c l �a c h �n h � n h t h �c , b i �n p h � p t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g � �t ��c c � c n h i �m v � �t r a c in g t h � h i �n � c h � c �a n h � n ��c , c � n b �, n h � n v i � n n h � n h � n ��c . 1 . 3 C � c m �i q u a n h � c �a c h �c n n g n h � n ��c M �i q u a n h � g i �a c h �c n n g v �i n h i �m v � c �a N h � n ��c : + N h i �m v � c �a n h � n ��c l � c � s � � x � c �n h s � l ��n g , n �i d u n g , t � n h c h �t c � c c h �c n n g : V � d �, n h �m t h �c h i �n n h i �m v � x � y d �n g n �n k i n h t � t h � t r ��n g �n h h ��n g X H C N , � i h �i p h �i t h �c h i �n b a p h ��n g d i �n h o �t �n g c � b �n n h � l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p v � t � p h � p ; t h �c h i �n c � c h o �t �n g t r o n g c � c l )n h v �c k i n h t �, p h � p l � , c h � n h t r �. + N h i �m v � t � c �n g l � n h � n h t h �c , p h ��n g p h � p t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c . V � d �, n h i �m v � g i � t r �t t �, a n t o � n x � h �i � i h �i h o �t �n g t r �n � p , c ��n g c h �, m a n g h � n h t h �c p h � p l � t r o n g k h i n h i �m v � n � n g c a o �i s �n g v n h o � , n �p s �n g v n m i n h � i h �i p h ��n g p h � p t h �c h i �n m a n g t � n h g i � o d �c , t h u y �t p h �c . + C h �c n n g n h � n ��c l � p h ��n g d i �n t h �c h i �n n h i �m v � c �a n h � n ��c . M �i q u a n h � g i �a c h �c n n g v �i b �n c h �t n h � n ��c : + M �i q u a n h � g i �a c h �c n n g v � b �n c h �t n h � n ��c l � m �i q u a n h � g i �a h � n h t h �c v � n �i d u n g , t r o n g � c h �c n n g t h u �c p h �m t r � h � n h t h �c c � n b �n c h �t t h u �c p h �m t r � n �i d u n g . C h �c n n g l � s � t h � h i �n r a b � n n g o � i b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c . K h i n h � n ��c t h �c h i �n n h �n g p h ��n g d i �n h o �t �n g c � b �n c �a n h � n ��c , n � c h o b i �t n h � n ��c c �a a i , d o a i v � v � a i . N h � n ��c t h �c h i �n c � c p h ��n g d i �n h o �t �n g c � b �n n � o , t h e o h � n h t h �c , b i �n p h � p n � o v � t h �c h i �n n h �m m �c � c h g � s � t h � h i �n b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c � . + B �n c h �t n h � n ��c s � t � c �n g r �t l �n �n c � c p h ��n g d i �n h o �t �n g c �a n h � n ��c . V i �c �u t i � n t h �c h i �n n h i �m v �, c h �c n n g n � o , t h e o c � c h t h �c n � o t u � t h u �c v � o a i n �m q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c . M �i q u a n h � g i �a c h �c n n g v �i b � m � y n h � n ��c : + N h i �m v � v � c h �c n n g n h � n ��c ��c t h �c h i �n c h � y �u b �n g b � m � y n h � n ��c . + B � m � y n h � n ��c ��c x � y d �n g n h �m t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g , n h i �m v � c �a n h � n ��c . 1 . 4 P h � n l o �i c h �c n n g n h � n ��c C n c � v � o t � n h c h �t p h � p l � c �a v i �c t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c , c h i a t h � n h c h �c n n g l �p p h � p , c h �c n n g h � n h p h � p v � c h �c n n g t � p h � p . C n c � v � o v � t r � v a i t r � t �n g h o �t �n g c �a n h � n ��c , p h � n l o �i t h � n h c h �c n n g c � b �n v � c h �c n n g k h � n g c � b �n . C n c � v � o t h �i g i a n h o �t �n g , c h i a t h � n h c h �c n n g l � u d � i v � c h �c n n g t �m t h �i ( t r ��c m �t ) . C n c � v � o l )n h v �c h o �t �n g c �a n h � n ��c c h i a t h � n h , c h �c n n g k i n h t �, c h �c n n g x � h �i & C n c � v � o p h �m v i h o �t �n g c h � y �u c �a n h � n ��c c h i a t h � n h c h �c n n g �i n �i v � c h �c n n g �i n g o �i . N h �n g y �u t � �n h h ��n g �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c S � b i �n �n g c �a c � s � k i n h t � �n h h ��n g t �i s � b i �n �i c � c n h i �m v � v � d o v �y �n h h ��n g �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c . S � b i �n �i c �a �i s �n g x � h �i ( k �t c �u g i a i c �p , t ��n g q u a n l �c l ��n g g i a i c �p , t �n g l �p , d � n t �c , t � n g i � o & ) h � n h t h � n h c � c n h i �m v � x � h �i v � t � c �n g �n s � b i �n �i c � c c h �c n n g c �a n h � n ��c . N h �n t h �c c �a n h �n g c o n n g ��i ( t r o n g b � m � y n h � n ��c ) t r o n g v i �c x � c �n h v � t r � , v a i t r � c h �c n n g v � m �c � c a n t h i �p c �a n h � n ��c �i v �i c � c l )n h v �c c �a �i s �n g x � h �i c in g � n g v a i t r � t � c �n g �n c h �c n n g c �a n h � n ��c . H o � n c �n h q u �c t � v � h �p t � c q u �c t � l � y �u t � q u a n t r �n g t � c �n g , �n h h ��n g �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c . 1 . 6 H � n h t h �c , p h ��n g p h � p t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c H � n h t h �c t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c + H � n h t h �c p h � p l � : h � n h t h �c p h � p l � l � d �n g t �n t �i , h � n h t h �c t h � h i �n c � c h o �t �n g c � b �n c �a n h � n ��c . D �n g b i �u h i �n c � b �n l � c � c h o �t �n g x � y d �n g , t h �c h i �n v � b �o v � p h � p l u �t . � y l � h � n h t h �c c � b �n � t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c . + H � n h t h �c k h � n g m a n g t � n h p h � p l � : d �n g h o �t �n g m a n g t � n h t � c h �c v �t c h �t , t � c n g h i �p v �t c h �t - k � t h u �t . . . . � y l � h � n h t h �c h o �t �n g b � s u n g c h o h � n h t h �c p h � p l � . P h ��n g p h � p t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c + P h ��n g p h � p t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c l � n h �n g c � c h t h �c m � N h � n ��c s � d �n g � t i �n h � n h c � c h o �t �n g t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g n h � n ��c . + P h ��n g p h � p c ��n g c h �; P h ��n g p h � p g i � o d �c t h u y �t p h �c + P h ��n g p h � p t r �c t i �p ; g i � n t i �p + N h � n ��c t h ��n g s � d �n g h a i p h ��n g p h � p c h � y �u l � p h ��n g p h � p t h u y �t p h �c v � p h ��n g p h � p c ��n g c h �. C � c c h �c n n g c �a N h � n ��c C �n g h � a X H C N V i �t N a m C � c c h �c n n g �i n �i 2 . 1 . 1 C h �c n n g t � c h �c , q u �n l � k i n h t � ( c n c � i �u 5 2 H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 ) X � y d �n g v � t h �c h i �n c � c c h ��n g t r � n h p h � t t r i �n k i n h t � n g �n h �n v � d � i h �n , �n h h ��n g c h o t o � n b � n �n k i n h t � t r o n g i �u k i �n h �i n h �p k i n h t � q u �c t �. X � y d �n g , t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h t � i c h � n h , t i �n t � g i � p �n �n h t h � t r ��n g v �n . X � y d �n g v � t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h v � �u t �, � p d �n g c � c b i �n p h � p c �n t h i �t � k h u y �n k h � c h �u t � v � o c � c l )n h v �c c �n t h i �t c h o n �n k i n h t � q u �c d � n t h � n g q u a v i �c t h �c h i �n c � c c h � � �u � i v � t � n d �n g , t h u �, t � i t r �& � p d �n g c � c b i �n p h � p n h �m b �o v � n �n s �n x u �t t r o n g n ��c , c h �n g �c q u y �n , �m b �o c �n h t r a n h l � n h m �n h g i �a c � c t h � n h p h �n k i n h t �. P h ��n g p h � p , h � n h t h �c t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g k i n h t � c h � y �u l � c � c b i �n p h � p g i � n t i �p , t h �c h i �n t h � n g q u a c � n g c � p h � p l u �t , k � h o �c h , c h � n h s � c h & 2 . 1 . 2 C h �c n n g t � c h �c , q u �n l � l )n h v �c v n h o � - x � h �i X � y d �n g , t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h v � g i � o d �c , � o t �o v � k h o a h �c , c � n g n g h �: N h � n ��c x � c �n h g i � o d �c v � � o t �o l � q u �c s � c h h � n g �u . N h � n ��c p h � t t r i �n g i � o d �c n h �m n � n g c a o d � n t r � , � o t �o n h � n l �c , b �i d ��n g n h � n t � i . N h � n ��c x � c �n h k h o a h �c v � c � n g n g h � g i � v a i t r � t h e n c h �t t r o n g s � n g h i �p p h � t t r i �n k i n h t � - x � h �i c �a �t n ��c . X � y d �n g , t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h v � a n s i n h x � h �i : N h � n ��c x � y d �n g v � t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h t h u n h �p h �p l � , b �o h i �m x � h �i , t r � c �p t h �t n g h i �p , g i � p � n h �n g n g ��i v � h �u , n h �n g n g ��i g i � y �u , c � �n , g i �i q u y �t c � c v �n � x � h �i n h �: t r � e m l a n g t h a n g , c � c t � n �n x � h �i n g h i �n h � t , m �i d � m . . . X � y d �n g v � t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h t h �c h i �n c � c n h i �m v � y t �, l a o �n g , v i �c l � m : N h � n ��c �u t � p h � t t r i �n v � t h �n g n h �t q u �n l � s � n g h i �p b �o v � s �c k h o � c �a n h � n d � n . N h � n ��c t �o m �i i �u k i �n � m �i c � n g d � n c � n n g l �c l a o �n g t h �c h i �n ��c q u y �n l � m v i �c . X � y d �n g , t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h x � h �i n h �m x o � � i , g i �m n g h � o , t � n h t r �n g c � n g c �c : N h � n ��c c a m k �t t h �c h i �n c � c M �c t i � u t h i � n n i � n k � c �a t h � g i �i v � g i �m � i n g h � o , c h m s � c s �c k h o � t r � e m & X � y d �n g v � t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h v � v n h o � n h �m p h � t t r i �n m �t n �n v n h o � t i � n t i �n , �m � b �n s �c d � n t �c . 2 . 1 . 3 C h �c n n g g i � v �n g a n n i n h c h � n h t r �, t r �t t � a n t o � n x � h �i N h � n ��c s � d �n g t o � n b � s �c m �n h b �o l �c c �a m � n h � p h � n g n g �a , n g n c h �n , t r �n � p m �i h � n h �n g n h �m p h � h o �i a n n i n h t r �t t �, a n t o � n x � h �i . B �o v � c h � � c h � n h t r � x � h �i c h � n g h )a , b �o v � s � l � n h �o c �a �n g C �n g s �n V i �t N a m . N g n n g �a v � c h �n g l �i n h �n g h � n h v i p h � h o �i k h �i �i o � n k �t d � n t �c , g � y m �t t r �t t �, �n �n h x � h �i . B �o v � v � b �o �m c � c q u y �n t � d o d � n c h � v � l �i � c h h �p p h � p c �a c � n g d � n , t h � h i �n b �n c h �t d � n c h � v � n h � n �o c �a N h � n ��c t a ; t �o r a c � c i �u k i �n v � c h � n h t r �, k i n h t �, v n h o � - x � h �i � c � n g d � n t h �c h i �n �y � c � c q u y �n t � d o d � n c h � c �a m � n h ; k i � n q u y �t x � l � n g h i � m m i n h m �i h � n h v i x � m p h �m �n c � c q u y �n t � d o , d � n c h � c �a c � n g d � n , b �t l u �n h � n h v i �y d o a i g � y r a . C h �c n n g �i n g o �i 2 . 2 . 1 B �o v � T � q u �c V i �t N a m X H C N � t h �c h i �n n h i �m v � n � y , N h � n ��c t a c h m l o x � y d �n g v � p h � t t r i �n n �n q u �c p h � n g t o � n d � n , �m b �o k h � n n g p h � n g t h � h i �u q u � v � c h �n g t r � k �p t h �i m �i � m m �u x � m l ��c t � c � c l �c l ��n g t h � �c h b � n n g o � i . D o v �y , N h � n ��c t a p h � t t r i �n t i n h t h �n y � u n ��c v � c h � n g h )a a n h h � n g c � c h m �n g c �a n h � n d � n , g i � o d �c q u �c p h � n g v � a n n i n h c h o t o � n d � n , t h �c h i �n c h � � n g h )a v � q u � n s �, c h � n h s � c h h �u p h ��n g q u � n �i ; x � y d �n g c � n g n g h i �p q u �c p h � n g , b �o �m t r a n g b � c h o l �c l ��n g v i t r a n g , k �t h �p k i n h t � v �i q u �c p h � n g , b �o �m �i s �n g v �t c h �t t i n h t h �n c h o c � n b � c h i �n s �, c � n g n h � n , n h � n v i � n q u �c p h � n g , x � y d �n g c � c l �c l ��n g v i t r a n g n h � n d � n h � n g m �n h , k h � n g n g �n g t n g c ��n g k h � n n g b �o v � �t n ��c . 2 . 2 . 2 T h i �t l �p , c �n g c � v � p h � t t r i �n c � c m �i q u a n h � v � h �p t � c v �i c � c q u �c g i a T r o n g b �i c �n h q u �c t � c � n h i �u b i �n �i n h a n h c h � n g v � p h �c t �p , v �i s � p h � t t r i �n m �n h m � c �a l �c l ��n g s �n x u �t v � x u h ��n g q u �c t � h o � n �n k i n h t � t h � g i �i , h o �t �n g �i n g o �i c �a n h � n ��c n g � y c � n g t r � n � n a d �n g v � h � n h t h �c , p h o n g p h � v � n �i d u n g . N h � n ��c t a t h �c h i �n c h � n h s � c h m � c �a , q u a n h � v �i t �t c � c � c n ��c t r � n c � s � n g u y � n t �c t � n t r �n g �c l �p , c h � q u y �n , k h � n g c a n t h i �p v � o c � n g v i �c n �i b � c �a n h a u , b � n h �n g v � c � n g c � l �i v � t � n t r �n g l u �t p h � p q u �c t �. 2 . 2 . 3 �n g h � v � t h a m g i a v � o c u �c �u t r a n h v � m �t t r �t t � t h � g i �i m �i , v � s � h �p t � c b � n h �n g v � d � n c h �, v � h o � b � n h v � t i �n b � x � h �i t r � n t o � n t h � g i �i N h � n ��c t a l � t h � n h v i � n c h � n h t h �c c �a n h i �u t � c h �c q u �c t � n h � L i � n h �p q u �c , P h o n g t r � o k h � n g l i � n k �t , A S E A N v � r �t n h i �u t � c h �c q u �c t � t r �c t h u �c h o �c k h � n g t r �c t h u �c L i � n h �p q u �c . T r � n d i �n � n q u �c t � h o �c k h u v �c , N h � n ��c t a l u � n t � r � t h i �n c h � v � n � l �c h �p t � c � g � p p h �n g i �i q u y �t n h i �u v �n � q u �c t �. C h u y � n � 3 : H � N H T H �C N H � N ��C K h � i n i �m h � n h t h �c n h � n ��c �n h n g h )a H � n h t h �c n h � n ��c l � c � c h t h �c t � c h �c v � p h ��n g p h � p t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c . H � n h t h �c n h � n ��c c � b a n �i d u n g c � b �n : ( 1 ) H � n h t h �c c h � n h t h �; ( 2 ) H � n h t h �c c �u t r � c ; ( 3 ) C h � � c h � n h t r �. C � c l o �i h � n h t h �c n h � n ��c H � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � �n h n g h )a : C h � n h t h � n h � n ��c l � c � c h t h �c v � t r � n h t � t � c h �c c � c c � q u a n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c t �i c a o � t r u n g ��n g , v i �c x � c �n h t h �m q u y �n v � m �i q u a n h � c �a n h �n g c � q u a n n � y v �i n h a u v � s � t h a m g i a c �a n h � n d � n v � o v i �c t h i �t l �p c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c . C � c h t h �c t h � n h l �p c � q u a n n h � n ��c : v � s � l ��n g , p h � b i �n l � b a c � q u a n l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p v � t � p h � p ; v � c � c h t h �c t h � n h l �p c � c p h ��n g t h �c p h � b i �n l � b �u , b � n h i �m , t h � t �p . T r � n h t � t h � n h l �p c � q u a n n h � n ��c : ( s o n g s o n g ) t h � n h l �p c � c c � q u a n �c l �p v �i n h a u h o �c ( k � t i �p ) t h � n h l �p c � q u a n �i d i �n v � c � q u a n �i d i �n t h � n h l �p c � c c � q u a n , h � t h �n g k h � c . M �i q u a n h � g i �a c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c : t h i �t l �p m �i q u a n h � n g a n g b �n g , k � m c h �, �i t r �n g h o �c t h � b �c , t r � n d ��i , p h � t h u �c . N �i d u n g , c � c h t h �c t h a m g i a c �a n h � n d � n v � o v i �c t h i �t l �p c � q u a n n h � n ��c : s � l �n v � p h ��n g t h �c b �u c � c in g t �o s � k h � c b i �t t r o n g t � c h �c v � v �n h � n h q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c . P h � n l o �i c h � n h t h � C h � n h t h � Q u � n c h �: Q u � n c h � c h u y � n c h �: n h � v u a t �p t r u n g m �i q u y �n l �c , h � n h t h �c n � y p h � b i �n t r o n g c h � � p h o n g k i �n . Q u � n c h � h �n c h � t h e o � q u y �n l �c n h � v u a b � h �n c h � v � c � c � c l o �i : Q u � n c h � n h � n g u y � n ; q u � n c h � �i n g h �; q u � n c h � l �p h i �n . C � c h � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � C �n g h � a h i �n �i : C �n g h o � t �n g t h �n g : L � c h � � � p d �n g n g u y � n t �c p h � n q u y �n , t �n g t h �n g l � n g ��i �n g �u h � n h p h � p , n g u y � n t h � q u �c g i a , h � n h p h � p k h � n g c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c n g h � v i �n . C � n g h o � �i n g h �: N g h � v i �n t h � n h l �p v � g i �i t � n c h � n h p h �, c h � n h p h � c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c n g h � v i �n . C �n g h o � h �n h �p : T �n g t h �n g l � n g ��i �n g �u h � n h p h � p v � k h � n g c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c n g h � v i �n . T h � t ��n g l � n g ��i i �u h � n h c h � n h p h � v � c h � n h p h � p h �i c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c n g h � v i �n . C � c n h � n ��c X H C N c h � c � m �t l o �i c h � n h t h � l � c �n g h o � v �i c � c b i �n t h �: C � n g x � P a - r i , C �n g h o � X � v i �t v � C H D C N D . H � n h t h �c c �u t r � c �n h n g h )a : L � c � c h t h �c t � c h �c v � p h � n b � q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c t h e o l � n h t h �, m �i q u a n h � g i �a c � c c h � t h � t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c t h e o c �u t r � c l � n h t h �. P h � n l o �i : N h � n ��c �n n h �t : l � m �t n h � n ��c t h �n g n h �t , t r o n g � l � n h t h � q u �c g i a ��c c h i a t h � n h c � c �n v � h � n h c h � n h - l � n h t h �. L � n h t h � t o � n v �n , t h �n g n h �t ��c c h i a t h � n h c � c �n v � h � n h c h � n h - l � n h t h �; c � c �n v � h � n h c h � n h - l � n h t h � k h � n g c � c h � q u y �n q u �c g i a v � c � c d �u h i �u �c t r �n g k h � c c �a n h � n ��c . C � m �t h i �n p h � p v � m �t h � t h �n g p h � p l u �t t h �n g n h �t � p d �n g c h u n g t r o n g t o � n b � l � n h t h � q u �c g i a . M �t h � t h �n g c � c c � q u a n t h � h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c : l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p , t � p h � p ; M �t q u y c h � c � n g d � n , m �t c h � � q u �c t �c h . N h � n ��c �n n h �t c in g c � 2 l o �i : N h � n ��c �n n h �t " �n g i �n " ( c h � b a o g �m c � c �n v � h � n h c h � n h - l � n h t h �) v � N h � n ��c �n n h �t " p h �c t �p " ( t r o n g � c � " k h u , v � n g , t �n h . . . t � t r �) . N h � n ��c l i � n b a n g : l � n h � n ��c ��c h � n h t h � n h t � s � l i � n k �t c � c n h � n ��c t h � n h v i � n ( c � c b a n g , c � c v � n g l � n h t h � c � c h � q u y �n ) v �i n h �n g �c i �m : D o n h i �u n h � n ��c ( b a n g ) h �p l �i . C � c n h � n ��c t h � n h v i � n ( c � c b a n g ) � m �c � k h � c n h a u c � c � c d �u h i �u �c t r �n g c �a n h � n ��c , c � c h � q u y �n . T �n t �i h a i l o �i h � t h �n g b � m � y n h � n ��c , c �a l i � n b a n g v � c �a c � c n h � n ��c t h � n h v i � n ( c � c b a n g ) . C � t h � c � h a i h i �n p h � p v � h a i l o �i h � t h �n g p h � p l u �t c �a l i � n b a n g v � c �a c � c n h � n ��c t h � n h v i � n ( c � c b a n g ) . M �i n h � n ��c t h � n h v i � n ( m �i b a n g ) c � t h � c � q u y c h � c � n g d � n , q u �c t �c h r i � n g . N h � n ��c l i � n b a n g c in g c � 2 l o �i : N h � n ��c l i � n b a n g " �n g i �n " ( c h � b a o g �m c � c n h � n ��c t h � n h v i � n ) v � N h � n ��c l i � n b a n g " p h �c t �p " ( t r o n g t h � n h p h �n l i � n b a n g c � c � c � c n ��c c �n g h o � , k h u , v � n g t � t r �: L i � n - X � c i, L i � n b a n g N g a ) . C h � � c h � n h t r � �n h n g h )a : C h � � c h � n h t r � l � t o � n b � c � c p h ��n g p h � p , c � c h t h �c , p h ��n g t i �n m � c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c s � d �n g � t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c . K h � i n i �m c h � � c h � n h t r � t h � h i �n : T � n h t r �n g d � n c h � h a y p h i d � n c h � c �a m �t c h � � x � h �i . T r o n g l �c h s � t �n t �i h a i l o �i c h � � c h � n h t r � c h � y �u : C h � � d � n c h � ( d � n c h � q u � t �c , d � n c h � t � s �n , d � n c h � X H C N ) , c h � � p h �n d � n c h � ( c h u y � n c h � c h � n � , c h u y � n c h � p h o n g k i �n , c h � � p h � t x � t . . . ) . Q u y �n t � d o , d � n c h � c �a c � n g d � n , m �c � t h a m g i a c �a c � n g d � n v � o q u � t r � n h t h i �t l �p c � c c � q u a n c h � n h q u y �n n h � n ��c v � t h �c h i �n c � c c h � n h s � c h n h � n ��c . C h � � c h � n h t r � ��c h i �u l � p h ��n g p h � p , c � c h t h �c c a i t r � v � q u �n l � x � h �i c �a n h � n ��c t h � h i �n t � n h g i a i c �p c �a n h � n ��c . M �i q u a n h � g i �a h � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � n h � n ��c v �i c h � � c h � n h t r � H � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � l � c � c h t h �c t � c h �c q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c . C h � � c h � n h t r � l � c � c h t h �c t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c , c � c h t h �c c a i t r �. H � n h t h �c t � c h �c q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c c � t h � p h �n � n h c � c h t h �c m � q u y �n l �c � ��c t h �c h i �n v � v i �c t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c d � n c h � h a y p h i d � n c h � c in g b i �u h i �n t r o n g n h �n g h � n h t h �c n h �t �n h . V � d �, c h � n h t h � c �n g h � a t �n g t h �n g t h � n g t h ��n g b i �u h i �n h � n h t h �c , t � n h c h �t d � n c h � t h � n g q u a c h � � b �u c � l �p p h � p v � h � n h p h � p t � c h b i �t v � b �u t r �c t i �p t �n g t h �n g ; c h � � c h � n h t r � d � n c h � p h �i c � s � k i �m s o � t q u y �n l �c g i �a c � c h � t h �n g , �c b i �t l � l �p p h � p v � h � n h p h � p . T u y l � n h �n g p h �m t r � �c l �p c �a h � n h t h �c n h � n ��c n h �n g h � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � n h � n ��c v � c h � � c h � n h t r � c � m �i l i � n h � c h �t c h � v �i n h a u , t h ��n g t ��n g �n g v �i n h a u . V � d �, c h � � c �n g h � a p h �i g �n v �i b �u c �, v �n h � n h p h � t h u �c v � o c h � � b �u c �; c � c h t h �c t � c h �c v � v �n h � n h q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c ( c h � n h t h �) s � �n h h ��n g �n m � h � n h b �u c � v � t h �c t i �n c �a c h � � b �u c �. C h � n h t h � v � c h � � c h � n h t r � c � t � n h �c l �p t ��n g �i . V � d �, c � c n ��c t h e o c h � n h t h � q u � n c h � l �p h i �n n h � A n h , N h �t , T h �y i �n . . . , t h e o t � n g �i v � h � n h t h �c c h � n h t h �, l � q u � n c h �, n h �n g p h ��n g p h � p c a i t r � ( c h � � c h � n h t r �) l � d � n c h �. N g ��c l �i , c � c n ��c t h e o c h � n h t h � c �n g h o � ( d � n c h �) c in g c � t h � c � p h ��n g p h � p c a i t r � p h �n d � n c h �, t h �m c h � p h � t x � t ( v � d �, p h � t x � t �c ) . H � n h t h �c n h � n ��c X H C N 2 . 1 . H � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � C � c l o �i : C �n g h o � d � n c h � n h � n d � n , C �n g h o � x � h �i c h � n g h )a . �c i �m : N g u y � n t �c t � c h �c v � v �n h � n h q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c p h � b i �n l � n g u y � n t �c t �p q u y �n , k h � n g p h � n q u y �n g i �a c � c n h � n h q u y �n l �c l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p v � t � p h � p ; Q u y �n l �c t �p t r u n g v � o c � q u a n �i d i �n ( c � t h � 1 h o �c n h i �u v i �n ) v � � y l � c � q u a n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c c a o n h �t ; C � c n h � n h q u y �n l �c k h � c ( h � n h p h � p v � t � p h � p ) p h � t h u �c v � o q u y �n l �c l �p p h � p , q u y �n l �c c �a c � q u a n �i d i �n v � p h �i c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c c � q u a n �i d i �n . H � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � p h �i l � c �n g h � a v � k h � n g t �n t �i h � n h t h �c q u � n c h �. N h � n d � n b �u c � q u a n �i d i �n t r �c t i �p v � m �t l �n ; c � q u a n �i d i �n s � h � n h t h � n h c � q u a n h � n h p h � p v � t � p h � p . M �i q u a n h � g i �a c � c c � q u a n l � t h � b �c v � p h � t h u �c . 2 . 2 . H � n h t h �c c �u t r � c N h � n ��c �n n h �t : c � c n ��c t h e o c h � � X H C N h i �n �i N h � n ��c l i � n b a n g X H C N ( t r ��c � y ) . 2 . 3 . C h � � c h � n h t r � H � t h �n g c h � n h t r � n h �t n g u y � n ( C S l � n h �o n h � n ��c v � x � h �i ) ; N �n d � n c h � x � h �i c h � n g h )a ; L i � n h � v �i h � n h t h �c n h � n ��c V i �t N a m 3 . 1 . H � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � q u a c � c h i �n p h � p Q u a n h i �u g i a i o �n l �c h s �, n h i �u H i �n p h � p : n h �n g v � c � b �n l � h � n h t h �c c h � n h t h � c �n g h o � ( C �n g h o � d � n c h � n h � n d � n ( 1 9 4 6 , 1 9 5 9 ) v � C �n g h o � x � h �i c h � n g h )a 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 9 2 , 2 0 1 3 ) ; N g u y � n t �c t �p q u y �n X H C N l � n g u y � n t �c p h � b i �n t r o n g t � c h �c q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c ; V � c � c h t h �c t h � n h l �p , n h � n d � n b �u t r �c t i �p Q u �c h �i v � Q u �c h �i l � q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c c a o n h �t . Q u �c h �i t h � n h l �p v � g i � m s � t h o �t �n g c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c � t r u n g ��n g n h � C h � n h p h � ( T h � t ��n g , B � t r ��n g ) , T � a � n n h � n d � n v � V i �n k i �m s � t n h � n d � n ( C h � n h � n , V i �n t r ��n g ) . M �i q u a n h � g i �a c � c c � q u a n l � t h �n g n h �t , c � s � p h � n c � n g , p h �i h �p v � k i �m s o � t v i �c t h �c h i �n c � c q u y �n l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p v � t � p h � p . V � d �, c � q u a n h � n h p h � p , t � p h � p c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c c � q u a n �i d i �n . 3 . 2 . H � n h t h �c c �u t r � c N h � n ��c V i �t N a m l � n h � n ��c �n n h �t g i �n �n , m �t h i �n p h � p , m �t h � t h �n g p h � p l u �t . N h � n ��c h �p t h � n h t � c � c �n v � h � n h c h � n h l � n h t h � v � c � c �n v � h � n h c h � n h l � n h t h � n � y k h � n g c � c h � q u y �n q u �c g i a . H i �n t �i , � V i �t N a m k h � n g c � k h u , v � n g , t �n h t � t r �. 3 . 3 . C h � � c h � n h t r � C h � � c h � n h t r � V i �t N a m l � c h � � c h � n h t r � d � n c h � x � h �i c h � n g h )a . T r o n g v i �c t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c , q u �n l � , n h � n ��c n g � y c � n g m � r �n g s � t h a m g i a c �a n h � n d � n . C h � � c h � n h t r � n h �t n g u y � n , t h �n g n h �t d ��i s � l � n h �o c �a �n g C �n g s �n V i �t N a m . C h u y � n � 4 : B � M � Y N H � N ��C X H C N K h � i q u � t v � b � m � y n h � n ��c K h � i n i �m b � m � y n h � n ��c v � c � q u a n n h � n ��c K h � i n i �m b � m � y n h � n ��c : B � m � y n h � n ��c l � h � t h �n g c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c t � t r u n g ��n g x u �n g �a p h ��n g ��c t � c h �c t h e o n h �n g n g u y � n t �c c h u n g t h �n g n h �t t �o t h � n h m �t c � c h � �n g b � � t h �c h i �n c � c c h �c n n g v � n h i �m v � c h u n g c �a N h � n ��c . K h � i n i �m c � q u a n n h � n ��c : C � q u a n n h � n ��c l � m �t b � p h �n c �u t h � n h n � n b � m � y n h � n ��c . � l � m �t t � c h �c c h � n h t r � m a n g q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c , ��c t h � n h l �p t r � n c � s � p h � p l u �t v � ��c g i a o n h �n g n h i �m v �, q u y �n h �n n h �t �n h � t h �c h i �n c h �c n n g v � n h i �m v � c �a n h � n ��c t r o n g p h �m v i l u �t �n h . �c i �m c �a c � q u a n n h � n ��c : L � m �t t � c h �c ��c t h � n h l �p t h e o n h �n g n g u y � n t �c , t h � t �c d o p h � p l u �t q u y �n h . C � t � n h �c l �p t ��n g �i v � c � c �u - t � c h �c , v � c � s � v �t c h �t - t � i c h � n h . C � t h �m q u y �n m a n g t � n h q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c t h e o q u y �n h p h � p l u �t . C h i p h � c h o t � c h �c v � h o �t �n g t � n g � n s � c h n h � n ��c , c � n b �, c � n g c h �c c �a c � q u a n n h � n ��c l � c � n g d � n c �a n h � n ��c � . P h � n l o �i c � q u a n n h � n ��c : C n c � v � o h � n h t h �c p h � p l � c �a v i �c t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c , c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c ��c c h i a t h � n h c � q u a n l �p p h � p , c � q u a n h � n h p h � p v � c � q u a n t � p h � p . C n c � v � o c �p � t h �m q u y �n , c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c ��c c h i a t h � n h c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c � t r u n g ��n g v � c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c � �a p h ��n g . N g u y � n t �c t � c h �c v � h o �t �n g b � m � y n h � n ��c N g u y � n t �c t �p q u y �n : Q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c v � o t r o n g t a y m �t n g ��i h a y m �t c � q u a n n � o � . N g u y � n t �c p h � n q u y �n ( h a y c � n g �i l � n g u y � n t �c p h � n c h i a q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c ) : Q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c ��c p h � n t h � n h c � c n h � n h , c � c b � p h �n k h � c n h a u v � g i a o c h o c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c k h � c n h a u n �m g i �. N g o � i h a i n g u y � n t �c t r � n , c � c � c n g u y � n t �c k h � c t r o n g t � c h �c v � h o �t �n g c �a c � q u a n n h � n ��c v � b � m � y n h � n ��c n h � n g u y � n t �c c h � n h t r � ( v � s � l � n h �o c �a �n g ) , n g u y � n t �c p h � p l � ( t � p h � p �c l �p ) & B � m � y n h � n ��c x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m 2 . 1 . C � c n g u y � n t �c t � c h �c v � h o �t �n g c �a b � m � y n h � n ��c t a . N g u y � n t �c t �p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a N �i d u n g : Q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c l � t h �n g n h �t , c � s � p h � n c � n g , p h �i h �p , k i �m s o � t g i �a c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c t r o n g v i �c t h �c h i �n c � c q u y �n l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p , t � p h � p . Q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c l � t h �n g n h �t , t �p t r u n g v � o Q u �c h �i v � k h � n g p h � n c h i a q u y �n l �c . C � s � p h � n c � n g t r o n g v i �c t h �c h i �n c � c q u y �n l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p , t � p h � p . B �o �m s � c h u y � n m � n h � a , p h � n c � n g q u y �n l �c v � s � p h �i h �p t r o n g v i �c t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c . K i �m s o � t q u y �n l �c n h �m h �n c h � s � l �m d �n g q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c . C � s � h i �n �n h : g h i n h �n t �i K h o �n 3 , i �u 2 , H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 . C � s � l � l u �n , t h �c t i �n : x u �t p h � t t � q u a n i �m c h � n g h )a M � c - L � n i n v � t � t ��n g H � C h � M i n h v � n h � n ��c x � h �i c h � n g h )a , c � t i �p t h u n h �n g q u a n i �m h i �n �i ; x u �t p h � t t � t h �c t i �n c �a c � c h m �n g V i �t N a m , t r u y �n t h �n g c h � n h t r � p h � p l � V i �t N a m . N g u y � n t �c �n g C �n g s �n l � n h �o N �i d u n g : + �n g C �n g s �n V i �t l � l �c l ��n g l � n h �o N h � n ��c v � x � h �i . + �n g C �n g s �n V i �t N a m g �n b � m �t t h i �t v �i N h � n d � n , p h �c v � N h � n d � n , c h �u s � g i � m s � t c �a N h � n d � n , c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c N h � n d � n v � n h �n g q u y �t i #n h c �a m � n h . + C � c t � c h �c c �a �n g v � �n g v i � n �n g C �n g s �n V i �t N a m h o �t �n g t r o n g k h u � n k h � H i �n p h � p v � p h � p l u �t . C � s � h i �n �n h : G h i n h �n t �i i �u 4 , H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 . C � s � l � l u �n v � t h �c t i �n : X u �t p h � t t � q u a n i �m c �a c h � n g h )a M � c - L � n i n v � t � t ��n g H � C h � M i n h v � t � t h �c t i �n l �c h s � c � c h m �n g V i �t N a m , v a i t r � c �a �n g C �n g s �n V i �t N a m . N g u y � n t �c d � n c h � x � h �i c h � n g h )a - N �i d u n g : + N h � n ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m l � n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a c �a N h � n d � n , d o N h � n d � n , v � N h � n d � n ( k h o �n 1 , i �u 2 , H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 ) . + N ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m d o N h � n d � n l � m c h �; t �t c � q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c t h u �c v � N h � n d � n m � n �n t �n g l � l i � n m i n h g i �a g i a i c �p c � n g n h � n v �i g i a i c �p n � n g d � n v � �i n g i t r � t h �c ( k h o �n 2 , i �u 2 , H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 ) . + N h � n d � n t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c b �n g d � n c h � t r �c t i �p , b �n g d � n c h � �i d i �n t h � n g q u a Q u �c h �i , H �i �n g n h � n d � n v � t h � n g q u a c � c c � q u a n k h � c c �a N h � n ��c ( i �u 6 , H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 ) . C � s � h i �n �n h : G h i n h �n t r o n g C h ��n g 1 , C h � � c h � n h t r �, i �u 2 , i �u 6 H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 . C � s � l � l u �n v � t h �c t i �n : X u �t p h � t t � q u a n n i �m c �a c h � n g h )a M a r x v � t � t ��n g H � C h � M i n h v � b �n c h �t c �a n h � n ��c v � x � h �i X H C N ; x u �t p h � t t � t h �c t i �n l �c h s � c � c h m �n g V i �t N a m v � v a i t r � c �a c � c t �n g l �p n h � n d � n l a o �n g , t r u y �n t h �n g o � n k �t d �n g n ��c v � g i � n ��c . N g u y � n t �c t �p t r u n g d � n c h � N �i d u n g : N h � n ��c t h �c h i �n n g u y � n t �c t �p t r u n g d � n c h �. C � s � h i �n �n h : G h i n h �n t �i i �u 8 H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 . C � s � l � l u �n v � t h �c t i �n : X u �t p h � t t � q u a n i �m c h � n g h )a M � c - L � n i n v � t � t ��n g H � C h � M i n h v � n �n d � n c h � x � h �i c h � n g h )a v � n h � n ��c x � h �i c h � n g h )a ; x u �t p h � t t � t h �c t i �n c �a v i �c t � c h �c v � v �n h � n h q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c . N g u y � n t �c p h � p q u y �n X H C N N �i d u n g : + N h � n ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m l � n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a c �a N h � n d � n , d o N h � n d � n , v � N h � n d � n . + N h � n ��c ��c t � c h �c v � h o �t �n g t h e o H i �n p h � p v � p h � p l u �t , q u �n l � x � h �i b �n g H i �n p h � p v � p h � p l u �t ; N h � n ��c b � r � n g b u �c b �i p h � p l u �t . C � s � h i �n �n h : G h i n h �n t �i i �u 2 , i �u 8 , H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 . C � s � l � l u �n v � t h �c t i �n : x u �t p h � t t � q u a n i �m c h � n g h )a M � c - L � n i n v � t � t ��n g H � C h � M i n h v � p h � p q u y �n X H C N v � n h u c �u q u �n l � x � h �i b �n g p h � p l u �t � V i �t N a m . 2 . 2 . C � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c t h e o H i �n p h � p 2 0 1 3 C � q u a n n h � n ��c � t r u n g ��n g Q u �c h �i : l � c � q u a n �i b i �u c a o n h �t c �a N h � n d � n , c � q u a n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c c a o n h �t c �a n ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m . Q u �c h �i t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �p h i �n , q u y �n l �p p h � p , q u y �t �n h c � c v �n � q u a n t r �n g c �a �t n ��c v � g i � m s � t t �i c a o �i v �i h o �t �n g c �a N h � n ��c ( i �u 6 9 ) . C h � t �c h n ��c : l � n g ��i �n g �u N h � n ��c , t h a y m �t n ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m v � �i n �i v � �i n g o �i ( i �u 8 6 ) . C h � n h p h �: l � c � q u a n h � n h c h � n h n h � n ��c c a o n h �t c �a n ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m , t h �c h i �n q u y �n h � n h p h � p , l � c � q u a n c h �p h � n h c �a Q u �c h �i ( i �u 9 4 ) . T o � � n n h � n d � n t �i c a o : T � a � n n h � n d � n t �i c a o l � c � q u a n x � t x � c a o n h �t c �a n ��c C �n g h � a x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m ( i �u 1 0 4 ) . T � a � n n h � n d � n g �m T � a � n n h � n d � n t �i c a o v � c � c T � a � n k h � c d o l u �t �n h ( i �u 1 0 2 ) . V i �n K i �m s � t n h � n d � n t �i c a o : V i �n k i �m s � t n h � n d � n t h �c h � n h q u y �n c � n g t �, k i �m s � t h o �t �n g t � p h � p . V i �n k i �m s � t n h � n d � n g �m V i �n k i �m s � t n h � n d � n t �i c a o v � c � c V i �n k i �m s � t k h � c d o l u �t �n h ( i �u 1 0 7 ) . C � q u a n n h � n ��c � �a p h ��n g H �i �n g n h � n d � n : l � c � q u a n q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c � �a p h ��n g , �i d i �n c h o � c h � , n g u y �n v �n g v � q u y �n l � m c h � c �a N h � n d � n , d o N h � n d � n �a p h ��n g b �u r a , c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c N h � n d � n �a p h ��n g v � c � q u a n n h � n ��c c �p t r � n ( i �u 1 1 3 ) . U � B a n n h � n d � n d o H �i �n g n h � n d � n c � n g c �p b �u l � c � q u a n c h �p h � n h c �a H �i �n g n h � n d � n , c � q u a n h � n h c h � n h n h � n ��c � �a p h ��n g , c h �u t r � c h n h i �m t r ��c H �i �n g n h � n d � n v � c � q u a n h � n h c h � n h n h � n ��c c �p t r � n ( i �u 1 1 4 ) . T � a � n n h � n d � n v � V i �n k i �m s � t n h � n d � n �a p h ��n g . 3 . H o � n t h i �n , �i m �i t � c h �c v � h o �t �n g b � m � y n h � n ��c V i �t N a m P h ��n g h ��n g �i m �i : ( X e m t h � m c � c v n k i �n �n g c �n g s �n V i �t N a m ) . + V n k i �n �i h �i �n g l �n t h � 1 0 , 1 1 . + C ��n g l )n h x � y d �n g �t n ��c t r o n g t h �i k � q u � � l � n c h � n g h )a x � h �i ( B � s u n g , p h � t t r i �n n m 2 0 1 1 ) . + N g h � q u y �t s � 4 8 - N Q / T W v � v i �c c h i �n l ��c x � y d �n g v � h o � n t h i �n h � t h �n g p h � p l u �t V i �t N a m �n n m 2 0 1 0 , �n h h ��n g �n n m 2 0 2 0 . + N g h � q u y �t 1 7 , H �i n g h � l �n t h � 5 , B a n c h �p h � n h T W k h � a 1 0 , V � �y m �n h c �i c � c h h � n h c h � n h , n � n g c a o h i �u l �c , h i �u q u � q u �n l � c �a b � m � y n h � n ��c . + N g h � q u y �t 4 9 , c �a B � C h � n h t r � v � c h i �n l ��c c �i c � c h t � p h � p �n n m 2 0 2 0 . N �i d u n g �i m �i : �i m �i n g u y � n t �c t � c h �c v � h o �t �n g . �i m �i c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c v � c h �c n n g , t h �m q u y �n & C h u y � n � 5 : N H � N ��C P H � P Q U Y �N K h � i n i �m N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n K h � i n i �m v � n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n V � m �t t h u �t n g �: n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n t h e o t i �n g �c l � " R e c h s s t a t " , t i �n g A n h l � " R u l e o f L a w " , t i �n g P h � p l � " L ' E t a t d e d r o i t " , t i �n g N g a l � " P r a v o v o i e g o s u d a s t v o " . N h � n c h u n g c � c t h u �t n g � n � y c � n g h )a l � : s � t �i t h ��n g c �a p h � p l u �t , n h � n ��c p h � p c h �, n h � n ��c t h e o p h � p l u �t , n h � n ��c h �p p h � p & �n h n g h )a c �a L i � n h i �p Q u �c : N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n l � n � i t �i m �t n g u y � n t �c c �a s � c a i t r � t h e o � m �i n g ��i , t h i �t c h �, c � n g h o �c t �, b a o g �m c � n h � n ��c c � t r � c h n h i �m t u � n t h � p h � p l u �t m � p h � p l u �t � ��c b a n h � n h , � p d �n g c � n g b �n g v � x � t x � �c l �p , p h � p l u �t � p h � h �p v �i n h �n g q u y �n h , c h u �n m �c q u �c t � v � q u y �n c o n n g ��i . N � c in g � i h �i �m b �o s � t � n t r �n g n g u y � n t �c t �i t h ��n g c �a p h � p l u �t , b � n h �n g t r ��c p h � p l u �t , c � t r � c h n h i �m t u � n t h � p h � p l u �t , c � n g b �n g t r o n g v i �c � p d �n g p h � p l u �t , p h � n c h i a q u y �n l �c , t h a m g i a v � o v i �c r a q u y �t �n h , s � �n �n h c �a h � t h �n g p h � p l u �t , h �n c h � c h u y � n q u y �n v � s � m i n h b �c h c �a v � � n g l u �t c �a n h �n g t h � t �c p h � p l � ( B � o c � o c �a T �n g t h � k � L i � n h i �p Q u �c , 2 3 / 8 / 2 0 0 4 ) . �n h n g h )a c �a H i �p h �i L u �t s � t h � g i �i : N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n c � n g h )a c h � n h x � c l � n h � n ��c m � � � p h � p l u �t l � c h � t h � c a i t r �, c h � t h � c � q u y �n l �c t �i t h ��n g . K h � n g a i �n g n g o � i v � n g p h � p l u �t h o �c �n g t r � n p h � p l u �t . M �i n g ��i l � �i t ��n g v � c h �u s � i �u c h �n h c �a p h � p l u �t ( B � n h l u �n N g h � q u y �t v � N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n n m 2 0 0 5 c �a H �i �n g H i �p h �i ��c c h �p n h �n n m 2 0 0 9 ) . T u y c � n h i �u �n h n g h )a k h � c n h a u v � N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n , n h �n g n �i d u n g c �t l � i n h �t v � N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n l � � c a o v a i t r � c �a p h � p l u �t �i v �i n h � n ��c v � x � h �i , n �i d u n g v � t � n h c h �t d � n c h �, c � n g b �n g c �a p h � p l u �t . N h � v �y , t i �p c �n v � N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n c � 2 k h � a c �n h c h � n h : K h � a c �n h p h � p l � h � n h t h �c : S � n g � t r � c �a p h � p l u �t , s � r � n g b u �c b �i p h � p l u �t �i v �i N h � n ��c v � t �t c � c � c t h � n h v i � n k h � c c �a x � h �i . T ��n g �n g v �i k h � a c �n h n � y l � �n h n g h )a h �p v � N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n ( v � d � �n h n g h )a c �a H i �p H �i L u �t s � t h � g i �i ) . K h � a c �n h n �i d u n g p h � p l � : P h � p l u �t p h �i m a n g t � n h p h � p l � , b �o �m y � u c �u k h � c h q u a n , t h � c �y t i �n b � x � h �i . C � c h t i �p c �n n � y l � t i �n � c �a �n h n g h )a r �n g v � n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n ( �n h n g h )a c �a L i � n H �p Q u �c ) . C � c n g u y � n t �c c �a n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n C � c n g u y � n t �c , y � u c �u h a y c � c �c i �m c � b �n c �a n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n g i � p x � c �n h v � p h � n b i �t n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n v �i c � c d �n g n h � n ��c k h � c . V a i t r � t �i c a o c �a h i �n p h � p v � c � c �o l u �t H i �n p h � p v � c � c �o l u �t g i � v a i t r � t �i t h ��n g t r o n g h � t h �n g v n b �n p h � p l u �t . P h � p l u �t l � �i l ��n g c � n g b �n g , n h � n �o , b � c � i . P h � p l u �t m i n h b �c h , c � t h � t i � n l i �u ��c , c � t h � t i �p c �n v � c � h i �u l �c t h �c h i �n . D � n c h � v � t � n t r �n g q u y �n c o n n g ��i N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n h a y s � t �i t h ��n g c �a p h � p l u �t p h �i �m b �o q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c ( t r o n g � c � q u y �n l �c l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p , t � p h � p ) p h �i t h u �c v � n h � n d � n . N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n p h �i ��c t � c h �c v � t h �c h i �n m �t c � c h d � n c h �, c �a d � n , d o d � n v � v � d � n . C � c q u y �n c o n n g ��i ��c g h i n h �n t r o n g h i �n p h � p v � p h � p l u �t , ��c n h � n ��c t � n t r �n g b �o v � v � b �o �m t h �c t h i . N g u y � n t �c c h � n g � q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n n � i c h u n g c �n p h �i ��c t � c h �c t h e o n g u y � n l � t h u y �t p h � n q u y �n � t r � n h l �m q u y �n , b �o �m t � n h t �i t h ��n g c �a p h � p l u �t v � b �o �m d � n c h � Q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c v � l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p , t � p h � p ��c p h � n c � n g r � n h m �c h , k h o a h �c . H � n h t h � n h q u a n h � p h �i h �p , g i � m s � t , k i �m s o � t l �n n h a u g i �a c � c c � q u a n n h � n ��c , t �o t h � n h m �t c � c h � �n g b � b �o �m s � t h �n g n h �t c �a q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c , t h �c h i �n q u y �n l �c n h � n d � n . T � p h � p �c l �p � b �o �m t � n h t �i t h ��n g c �a h i �n p h � p v � p h � p l u �t , p h �i c � c � c h � b �o v � h i �n p h � p v � p h � p l u �t . C �n c � c � c h � b �o v � h i �n p h � p v � c �n b �o v � h i �n p h � p b �n g c o n ��n g t � i p h � n . H � t h �n g t � p h � p ( t � a � n ) p h �i �c l �p v � c h � t u � n t h e o p h � p l u �t . 2 . V �n � x � y d �n g v � h o � n t h i �n N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n � V i �t N a m Q u a n i �m c �a �n g v � N h � n ��c t a v � x � y d �n g N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n V i �t N a m Q u a c � c v n k i �n �i h �i �n g c �n g s �n V i �t N a m , �c b i �t t � �i h �i �n g l �n t h � 7 , c � c y � u c �u , �c t r �n g c �a n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n n � i c h u n g v � c h � t r ��n g x � y d �n g v � h o � n t h i �n n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m n h � s a u : �t v �n � x � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a c �a d � n , d o d � n v � v � d � n n h � l � m �t m �c t i � u q u a n t r �n g . T r o n g � n h �n m �n h t � n h t �i c a o c �a h i �n p h � p v � p h � p l u �t . ( H �i n g h � �i b i �u t o � n q u �c g i �a n h i �m k �, k h o � V I I , n m 1 9 9 4 c h � n h t h �c k h �n g �n h n h i �m v �: X � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n V i �t N a m c �a n h � n d � n , d o n h � n d � n , v � n h � n d � n ) v � c h � t r ��n g x � y d �n g N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a v �n t i �p t �c ��c k h �n g �n h t r o n g c � c v n k i �n �i h �i �n g s a u n � y . X � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a l u � n g �n v �i q u � t r � n h h o � n t h i �n n �n d � n c h � x � h �i c h � n g h )a , t � n t r �n g v � b �o �m c � c q u y �n c � b �n c �a c � n g d � n v � q u y �n c o n n g ��i . X � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a g �n v �i c h � t r ��n g x � y d �n g v � h o � n t h i �n c � c h � k i �m s o � t , g i � m s � t q u y �n l �c n h � n ��c t r o n g l �p p h � p , h � n h p h � p v � t � p h � p ( V n k i �n �i h �i 1 1 ) . X � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a g �n v i �c b �o �m s � �c l �p c �a h � t h �n g t � p h � p , �c b i �t l � t o � � n n h � n d � n c � c c �p , g �n v �i c h � t r ��n g c �i c � c h h � t h �n g t � p h � p . �c b i �t , g �n v �i c h � t r ��n g x � y d �n g c � c h � p h � n q u y �t c � c v i p h �m h i �n p h � p ( V n k i �n �i h �i 1 0 ) . * C � t h � n � i , q u a n i �m , c h � t r ��n g c �a �n g c �n g s �n V i �t N a m v � n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n v � x � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n X H C N � V i �t N a m v � c � b �n t ��n g �n g v �i c � c q u a n i �m h i �n �i v � n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n t r � n t h � g i �i . T � n h t �t y �u k h � c h q u a n c �a v i �c x � y d �n g N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n X H C N V i �t N a m X � y d �n g N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a � V i �t N a m l � h o � n t o � n p h � h �p v �i n h �n g i �u k i �n k h � c h q u a n , c h � q u a n c �a x � h �i V i �t N a m v � x u h ��n g c h u n g c �a t h � g i �i . B �n c h �t , �c i �m c �a N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a h o � n t o � n p h � h �p v �i c h � t r ��n g , c h � n h s � c h c �a �n g c �n g s �n V i �t N a m v � N h � n ��c c �n g h o � x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m : X � y d �n g m �t n h � n ��c , m �t x � h �i c � n g b �n g , d � n c h �, v n m i n h v � n h � n �o ; V � m �t k i n h t �: X � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n p h � h �p v �i � i h �i c �a s � p h � t t r i �n k i n h t �, � p �n g n h u c �u p h � t t r i �n n �n k i n h t � t h � t r ��n g t h e o �n h h ��n g x � h �i c h � n g h )a , c � s � q u �n l � c �a n h � n ��c . N �n k i n h t � n � y c � n h �n g � i h �i , y � u c �u c a o v � s � b � n h �n g , c � n g b �n g v � t � n h t � c h �c c a o . V i �c x � y d �n g N H � N ��C P H � P Q U Y �N x � h �i c h � n g h )a , t r o n g � p h � p l u �t ��c � c a o , c � t h � t h o � m � n n h �n g y � u c �u k h � c h q u a n n � y . V � m �t x � h �i : � p �n g � i h �i c �a t r � o l �u d � n c h � h o � m �i m �t �i s �n g x � h �i , g � p p h �n b �o v � q u y �n c o n n g ��i , q u y �n c � n g d � n . X � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a l � x � y d �n g n h � n ��c c �a d � n , d o d � n v � v � d � n v � � c �n g c �, m � r �n g d � n c h �, t h �c h i �n d � n c h � t r o n g t h �c t �. X � y d �n g N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n X H C N c � t h � h � n h t h � n h n h �n g m �i q u a n h � � n g �n v � �n �n h t r o n g c � c h � q u y �n l �c c h � n h t r �, t h i �t l �p m �t h � t h �n g c h � n h t r � d � n c h �, n n g �n g c � h i �u q u �. T �o r a m �i q u a n h � � n g �n h �p l � g i �a n h � n ��c - t � c h �c c � n g q u y �n v �i c � n h � n , c � n g d � n v � c � c � c h � a n t o � n v � h i �u q u � n g n c h �n m �i s � l �m q u y �n , v i p h �m q u y �n c o n n g ��i , q u y �n c � n g d � n . �i v �i b � m � y n h � n ��c : X � y d �n g n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n c in g g � p p h �n l o �i t r � n h �n g n g u y � n n h � n c �a c � c t � n �n �c o � n , c h u y � n q u y �n , t h a m n h in g t r o n g b � m � y n h � n ��c v � t r o n g h � t h �n g c h � n h t r � n � i c h u n g . P h ��n g h ��n g v � g i �i p h � p c � b �n v � x � y d �n g N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n x � h �i c h � n g h )a V i �t N a m H o � n t h i �n s � l � n h �o c �a �n g C �n g s �n V i �t N a m t h e o c � c y � u c �u c �a n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n . N � n g c a o n h �n t h �c v � n h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n t r o n g x � h �i v � t r o n g �i n g i c � n b �, c � n g c h �c . X � y d �n g v � h o � n t h i �n b � m � y n h � n ��c t h e o c � c y � u c �u , �c i �m c �a N h � n ��c p h � p q u y �n . C h u y � n � 6 : N H �N G V �N � C H U N G V � P H � P L U �T N g u �n g �c c �a p h � p l u �t T h e o q u a n i �m c �a C h � n g h )a M � c - L � n i n : p h � p l u �t l � h i �n t ��n g t h u �c k i �n t r � c t h ��n g t �n g c �a x � h �i c � g i a i c �p , p h � p l u �t c h � p h � t s i n h , t �n t �i v � p h � t t r i �n k h i x � h �i �t �n m �t t r � n h � p h � t t r i �n n h �t �n h . T r o n g x � h �i c �n g s �n n g u y � n t h u � c h �a c � s � p h � n c h i a g i a i c �p v � �u t r a n h g i a i c �p n � n c h �a c � p h � p l u �t . � g i � t r �t t � x � h �i , c � c q u y p h �m t �p q u � n , t � n g i � o � h � n h t h � n h n h �m i �u c h �n h c � c q u a n h � x � h �i g i �a c � c t h � n h v i � n v � n h �n g q u y t �c n � y ��c m �i n g ��i t � n g u y �n t h �c h i �n . S � t h a y �i c �a x � h �i t h � h i �n t r o n g s � p h � t t r i �n v � m �t k i n h t � ( k i n h t � c h n n u � i , t r �n g t r �t t h a y c h o s n b �n h � i l ��m , k i n h n g h i �m t r o n g s �n x u �t ��c t � c h l u �, c � n g c � s �n x u �t ��c c �i t i �n , p h � n c � n g l a o �n g x � h �i p h � t t r i �n ) v � v � m �t x � h �i ( h � n h t h � n h c � c g i a i c �p v � c � c q u a n h � x � h �i m �i ) d �n �n n h u c �u t h i �t l �p m �t t r �t t � m �i m � n h �n g q u y t �c t �p q u � n , t � n g i � o k h � n g c � n p h � h �p . V � v �y p h � p l u �t r a �i i �u c h �n h c � c q u a n h � x � h �i , g i � t r �t t � x � h �i . V � p h ��n g d i �n k h � c h q u a n : n h �n g n g u y � n n h � n l � m x u �t h i �n N h � n ��c ( x u �t h i �n g i a i c �p , �u t r a n h g i a i c �p v � n h u c �u q u �n l � , g i � t r �t t � x � h �i ) H J � � � � L R t � � � : ( B < @ j f n � � . � � � j � � � >$ @$ �% &
Tour Đông Bắc 6N5Đ: Hà Nội – Hà Giang – Cao Bằng – Pác Bó – Thác Bản Giốc – Hồ Ba Bể từ Tp.HCM
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